نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
This paper is devoted to calculate the sacrifice ratio in Iran, which is in the context of assessing the impact of monetary policies that are carried out by central bank to control the inflation. Sacrifice ratio is the cumulative output loss arising from a permanent reduction in inflation due to the contractive monetary policies. We drive the estimate of the sacrifice ratio from four variables structural VAR model. In this model – with some specific assumption, concerning Iranian economy – the calculated sacrifice ratio is -2.27 in a six years horizon. The results of this paper represent these two facts that first, contractive monetary policies for controlling inflation has almost reduced inflation long run trend. Second, negative sacrifice ratio indicates that the benefits of the lower inflation trend is reflected on higher growth rate of output in the long – run.
کلیدواژهها English
پیوست: جداول
جدول (1): تعیین وقفه بهینه مدل
VAR Lag Order Selection Criteria
Endogenous variables: GGDP R GM2 INFLATION
Exogenous variables: C
Date: 01/04/08 Time: 17:23
Sample: 1367Q1 1384Q4
Included observations: 61
|
Lag |
LogL |
LR |
FPE |
AIC |
SC |
HQ |
|
0 |
-676.3920 |
NA |
57321.85 |
22.30793 |
22.44635 |
22.36218 |
|
1 |
-593.4202 |
152.3416 |
6387.543 |
20.11214 |
20.80423* |
20.38338* |
|
2 |
-572.9335 |
34.92812 |
5553.614 |
19.96503 |
21.21080 |
20.45326 |
|
3 |
-551.7464 |
33.34367 |
4769.490 |
19.79496 |
21.59440 |
20.50018 |
|
4 |
-534.2568 |
25.23095 |
4699.374 |
19.74612 |
22.09923 |
20.66833 |
|
5 |
-514.0400 |
26.51379 |
4331.297 |
19.60787 |
22.51465 |
20.74706 |
|
6 |
-503.0943 |
12.91960 |
5578.631 |
19.77358 |
23.23403 |
21.12976 |
|
7 |
-476.5761 |
27.82235 |
4492.802 |
19.42872 |
23.44284 |
21.00190 |
|
8 |
-437.6781 |
35.70959* |
2547.723* |
18.67797* |
23.24576 |
20.46813 |
|
9 |
-422.9384 |
11.59848 |
3439.148 |
18.71929 |
23.84076 |
20.72644 |
|
10 |
-408.1628 |
9.688885 |
5155.618 |
18.75944 |
24.43457 |
20.98358 |
* indicates lag order selected by the criterion
LR: sequential modified LR test statistic (each test at 5% level)
FPE: Final prediction error
AIC: Akaike information criterion
SC: Schwarz information criterion
HQ: Hannan-Quinn information criterion
جدول (2): نتایج تخمین مدل تخمین زده شده VAR با وقفه 8
Vector Autoregression Estimates
Date: 01/04/08 Time: 17:30
Sample (adjusted): 1369Q2 1384Q4
Included observations: 63 after adjustments
Standard errors in ( ) & t-statistics in [ ]
|
|
GGDP |
R |
GM2 |
INFLATION |
|
GGDP(-1) |
-0.473642 |
0.063481 |
0.044343 |
-0.014818 |
|
|
(0.17605) |
(0.08563) |
(0.07444) |
(0.09235) |
|
|
[-2.69044] |
[ 0.74131] |
[ 0.59570] |
[-0.16045] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-2) |
-0.494631 |
0.046220 |
0.048140 |
-0.152570 |
|
|
(0.19052) |
(0.09268) |
(0.08056) |
(0.09994) |
|
|
[-2.59619] |
[ 0.49873] |
[ 0.59757] |
[-1.52655] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-3) |
-0.426564 |
-0.019123 |
0.127494 |
0.012634 |
|
|
(0.21170) |
(0.10297) |
(0.08951) |
(0.11105) |
|
|
[-2.01498] |
[-0.18570] |
[ 1.42431] |
[ 0.11377] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-4) |
-0.138778 |
0.130879 |
-0.062804 |
-0.136573 |
|
|
(0.21407) |
(0.10413) |
(0.09051) |
(0.11230) |
|
|
[-0.64830] |
[ 1.25691] |
[-0.69386] |
[-1.21620] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-5) |
-0.062422 |
-0.075952 |
0.075219 |
-0.095192 |
|
|
(0.20462) |
(0.09953) |
(0.08652) |
(0.10734) |
|
|
[-0.30507] |
[-0.76310] |
[ 0.86940] |
[-0.88685] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-6) |
0.017780 |
-0.187860 |
0.040057 |
0.022935 |
|
|
(0.21090) |
(0.10259) |
(0.08918) |
(0.11064) |
|
|
[ 0.08430] |
[-1.83119] |
[ 0.44919] |
[ 0.20731] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-7) |
0.008709 |
-0.215998 |
0.024088 |
-0.033881 |
|
|
(0.18632) |
(0.09063) |
(0.07878) |
(0.09774) |
|
|
[ 0.04674] |
[-2.38331] |
[ 0.30576] |
[-0.34665] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GGDP(-8) |
-0.077506 |
-0.238054 |
-0.030222 |
0.150870 |
|
|
(0.17757) |
(0.08637) |
(0.07508) |
(0.09315) |
|
|
[-0.43648] |
[-2.75609] |
[-0.40252] |
[ 1.61967] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-1) |
0.501560 |
0.616253 |
0.157803 |
-0.061476 |
|
|
(0.39808) |
(0.19364) |
(0.16832) |
(0.20883) |
|
|
[ 1.25995] |
[ 3.18251] |
[ 0.93751] |
[-0.29439] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-2) |
0.031181 |
-0.174747 |
-0.132321 |
0.139265 |
|
|
(0.48093) |
(0.23394) |
(0.20335) |
(0.25229) |
|
|
[ 0.06483] |
[-0.74698] |
[-0.65070] |
[ 0.55201] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-3) |
-0.213141 |
0.181546 |
-0.085591 |
0.036018 |
|
|
(0.47366) |
(0.23040) |
(0.20028) |
(0.24847) |
|
|
[-0.44999] |
[ 0.78795] |
[-0.42736] |
[ 0.14496] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-4) |
0.329274 |
0.125054 |
-0.121616 |
0.189245 |
|
|
(0.44709) |
(0.21748) |
(0.18904) |
(0.23453) |
|
|
[ 0.73649] |
[ 0.57503] |
[-0.64332] |
[ 0.80690] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-5) |
-0.100287 |
0.032720 |
-0.056206 |
-0.472514 |
|
|
(0.44296) |
(0.21547) |
(0.18730) |
(0.23237) |
|
|
[-0.22640] |
[ 0.15186] |
[-0.30009] |
[-2.03348] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-6) |
0.197810 |
-0.000179 |
-0.054473 |
0.406480 |
|
|
(0.47562) |
(0.23135) |
(0.20111) |
(0.24950) |
|
|
[ 0.41590] |
[-0.00077] |
[-0.27086] |
[ 1.62917] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-7) |
-0.129476 |
0.140057 |
0.457730 |
-0.234990 |
|
|
(0.49551) |
(0.24103) |
(0.20952) |
(0.25993) |
|
|
[-0.26130] |
[ 0.58108] |
[ 2.18469] |
[-0.90404] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R(-8) |
-0.082192 |
-0.262650 |
-0.546282 |
0.084611 |
|
|
(0.35207) |
(0.17126) |
(0.14887) |
(0.18469) |
|
|
[-0.23345] |
[-1.53366] |
[-3.66959] |
[ 0.45813] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-1) |
-0.074036 |
0.059199 |
-0.187176 |
-0.053621 |
|
|
(0.35269) |
(0.17156) |
(0.14913) |
(0.18502) |
|
|
[-0.20992] |
[ 0.34506] |
[-1.25511] |
[-0.28982] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-2) |
0.120030 |
0.021321 |
0.099503 |
0.004992 |
|
|
(0.30543) |
(0.14857) |
(0.12915) |
(0.16022) |
|
|
[ 0.39298] |
[ 0.14351] |
[ 0.77046] |
[ 0.03116] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-3) |
0.032344 |
0.141536 |
0.093919 |
-0.215162 |
|
|
(0.31508) |
(0.15327) |
(0.13323) |
(0.16529) |
|
|
[ 0.10265] |
[ 0.92347] |
[ 0.70495] |
[-1.30175] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-4) |
-0.323198 |
0.057715 |
0.257335 |
0.056554 |
|
|
(0.30449) |
(0.14811) |
(0.12875) |
(0.15973) |
|
|
[-1.06145] |
[ 0.38967] |
[ 1.99876] |
[ 0.35407] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-5) |
0.083991 |
-0.291606 |
0.020363 |
0.384874 |
|
|
(0.30840) |
(0.15002) |
(0.13040) |
(0.16178) |
|
|
[ 0.27234] |
[-1.94384] |
[ 0.15616] |
[ 2.37896] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-6) |
-0.198981 |
-0.035076 |
0.073935 |
-0.343329 |
|
|
(0.33729) |
(0.16407) |
(0.14262) |
(0.17694) |
|
|
[-0.58994] |
[-0.21379] |
[ 0.51841] |
[-1.94042] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-7) |
0.311460 |
-0.124850 |
0.030095 |
0.020917 |
|
|
(0.38925) |
(0.18934) |
(0.16459) |
(0.20419) |
|
|
[ 0.80016] |
[-0.65939] |
[ 0.18285] |
[ 0.10244] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM2(-8) |
0.315475 |
-0.144609 |
0.391936 |
0.007162 |
|
|
(0.36570) |
(0.17789) |
(0.15463) |
(0.19184) |
|
|
[ 0.86266] |
[-0.81292] |
[ 2.53465] |
[ 0.03733] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-1) |
0.519661 |
0.392057 |
0.352690 |
0.566220 |
|
|
(0.45486) |
(0.22126) |
(0.19233) |
(0.23861) |
|
|
[ 1.14246] |
[ 1.77195] |
[ 1.83377] |
[ 2.37298] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-2) |
-0.662055 |
-0.058199 |
-0.289872 |
0.102797 |
|
|
(0.60718) |
(0.29535) |
(0.25674) |
(0.31852) |
|
|
[-1.09037] |
[-0.19705] |
[-1.12906] |
[ 0.32274] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-3) |
-0.276674 |
0.194670 |
-0.070585 |
0.308704 |
|
|
(0.57307) |
(0.27876) |
(0.24231) |
(0.30062) |
|
|
[-0.48279] |
[ 0.69835] |
[-0.29130] |
[ 1.02688] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-4) |
0.144133 |
-0.136690 |
-0.107330 |
0.240764 |
|
|
(0.50426) |
(0.24529) |
(0.21322) |
(0.26453) |
|
|
[ 0.28583] |
[-0.55726] |
[-0.50338] |
[ 0.91017] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-5) |
-0.030834 |
0.390671 |
-0.027251 |
-0.678465 |
|
|
(0.50671) |
(0.24648) |
(0.21426) |
(0.26581) |
|
|
[-0.06085] |
[ 1.58501] |
[-0.12719] |
[-2.55242] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-6) |
-0.159933 |
0.043413 |
0.001878 |
0.182319 |
|
|
(0.53471) |
(0.26010) |
(0.22609) |
(0.28050) |
|
|
[-0.29910] |
[ 0.16691] |
[ 0.00831] |
[ 0.64998] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-7) |
-0.138503 |
0.298993 |
0.904403 |
-0.291007 |
|
|
(0.52844) |
(0.25705) |
(0.22344) |
(0.27721) |
|
|
[-0.26210] |
[ 1.16317] |
[ 4.04756] |
[-1.04976] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INFLATION(-8) |
-0.747234 |
-0.603931 |
-0.434461 |
0.231803 |
|
|
(0.50520) |
(0.24574) |
(0.21362) |
(0.26502) |
|
|
[-1.47908] |
[-2.45756] |
[-2.03383] |
[ 0.87466] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
-0.848133 |
5.653480 |
6.129676 |
1.331469 |
|
|
(4.67068) |
(2.27194) |
(1.97492) |
(2.45015) |
|
|
[-0.18159] |
[ 2.48839] |
[ 3.10376] |
[ 0.54342] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R-squared |
0.475734 |
0.922363 |
0.889565 |
0.794042 |
|
Adj. R-squared |
-0.083484 |
0.839550 |
0.771768 |
0.574353 |
|
Sum sq. resids |
503.9841 |
119.2484 |
90.10666 |
138.6892 |
|
S.E. equation |
4.098715 |
1.993727 |
1.733077 |
2.150110 |
|
F-statistic |
0.850713 |
11.13793 |
7.551678 |
3.614390 |
|
Log likelihood |
-154.8945 |
-109.4925 |
-100.6657 |
-114.2498 |
|
Akaike AIC |
5.964906 |
4.523570 |
4.243355 |
4.674597 |
|
SchwarzSC |
7.087500 |
5.646165 |
5.365950 |
5.797191 |
|
Mean dependent |
1.192896 |
16.40710 |
6.388557 |
4.751630 |
|
S.D. dependent |
3.937645 |
4.977328 |
3.627687 |
3.295609 |
|
Determinant resid covariance (dof adj.) |
460.2271 |
|
|
|
|
Determinant resid covariance |
23.66437 |
|
|
|
|
Log likelihood |
-457.2376 |
|
|
|
|
Akaike information criterion |
18.70596 |
|
|
|
|
Schwarz criterion |
23.19633 |
|
|
|