نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

2 دانشجوی دکتری توسعه اقتصادی دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

10.22096/esp.2013.26117

چکیده

کاهش بیکاری همواره یکی از مهم‌ترین اهداف نظام‌های اقتصادی و دولت‌ها بوده و تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر بیکاری از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. یکی از این عوامل، ابداعات می‌باشد. در مورد تأثیر ابداعات بر اشتغال عده‌ای اعتقاد دارند که به دلیل افزایش بهره‌وری توسط ابداعات، این متغیر، بیکاری را افزایش می‌دهد. عده‌ای هم با توجه به تأثیری که بخش ابداعات از طریق کانال‌های جبران‌کننده مانند کاهش قیمت محصولات، سرمایه‌گذاری‌های جدید، افزایش درآمد و ارائه محصولات جدید بر اشتغال می‌گذارد، بر نقش مثبت ابداعات بر اشتغال تأکید دارند. در همین راستا هدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر بخش ابداعات بر اشتغال کشورهای منتخب عضو سازمان همکاری اسلامی طی دوره 1990- 2009 با استفاده از روش داده‌های تابلویی نامتوازن است. نتایج نشان‌دهندة تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌دار ابداعات بر اشتغال کشورهای مورد مطالعه است. همچنین نتایج نشان‌دهندة تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌دار متغیرهای واردات کالاهای واسطه‌ای و سرمایه‌ای و زیر ساخت‌های اطلاعاتی و ارتباطی بر اشتغال است. تأثیر متغیرهای دستمزد و سرمایه‌گذاری بر اشتغال نیز بی‌معنی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Innovation and Its Effect on Employment: a Case Study of Selected Countries of Organization of the Islamic Conference Countries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abolfazl Shahabadi 1
  • Behzad Amiri 2

1 Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University

2 PhD Student in Economic Development, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University

چکیده [English]

Reducing unemployment always has been one of the most important objectives of economic systems and governments and determining factors affecting on unemployment is of particular importance. One of these factors is innovations. Some believe that the impact of innovation on employment due to increased productivity by innovation will increase unemployment rate. Some have emphasized the positive role of innovation on employment. With regard to the effects, the innovation affects through compensating channels such as reducing the price of products, new investments, increase in income and introducing new productions. In this regard, the goals of this paper is to investigate the impact of innovation on employment in selected countries of OIC (Organization of the Islamic Countries) during the period 1990 – 2009 with using unbalanced panel data method. Results showed significant and positive effect of innovation on employment level OIC countries. The results also show the effect of imports, information and communication infrastructure variables on employment are positive and significant.  Also, the effect of investment and wage variables are non-significant on employment level.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Innovation
  • employment
  • Organization of the Islamic Countries
  • the Unbalanced Panel Data Method
  1. الف- فارسی

    1. باصری، بیژن؛ جهانگرد، اسفندیار؛ «نقش فن‌آوری بر اشتغال صنایع کارخانه‌ای ایران»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اقتصادی ایران، 1385، شماره 8 (28).
    2. رسولی‌نژاد، احسان؛ نوری، مهدی؛ «اثر فن‌آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات بر اشتغال ایران»، فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی، 1388، شماره 44 (89).
    3. زاهدی‌وفا، محمدهادی؛ فیروزان سرنقی، توحید؛ «بررسی اثر تجارت خارجی بر اشتغال و دستمزد نیروی کار بخش صنعت در ایران»، پژوهش‌نامه اقتصادی، 1387، شماره 3.
    4. زراءنژاد، منصور؛ منتظرحجت، امیرحسین؛ «عوامل مؤثر بر عرضه نیروی کار زنان در گروه‌های سنی مختلف (مطالعه موردیاستان خوزستان)»، نامه مفید، 1385، شماره 12 (54).
    5. زراءنژاد، منصور؛ نوروزانی، سهراب؛ «تخمین و تحلیل تابع تقاضا برای نیروی کار در صنایع استان خوزستان»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اقتصادی ایران، 1384، شماره 7 (25).
    6. شریف‌آزاده، محمدرضا؛ شیری، بهزاد؛ «اثر فن‌آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (ICT) بر اشتغال کشور با توجه به ساختاراقتصاد ایران»، نامه مفید، 1387، شماره 14 (69).
    7. کمیجانی، اکبر؛ قویدل، صالح؛ «اثر سرریز سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی در اشتغال ماهر و غیر ماهر بخش خدماتایران»، تحقیقات اقتصادی، 1385، شماره 76.

     

    ب- لاتین

    1. Aaronson, D. and French, E; 2007, "Product market evidence on the employment effects of the minimum wage", Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 25.

    2. Abor, J. and Harvey, S; 2008, "Foreign direct investment and employment: host country experience", Macrorconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, 1(2), 213-225.

    3. Baldwin, J. R; 1997, "The Importance of Research and Development for Innovation in Small and Large Canadian Manufacturing Firms", Statistics Canada and Analitical Studies Branch, Research Paper No. 1997107e.

    4. Bogliacino, F and Vivarelli, M; 2010, "The job creation effect of R&D expenditures", IZA, Discussion Paper No. 4728.

    5. Bronzini, R. and Piselli, P; 2009, "Determinants of Long-run Regional Productivity with Geographical Spillovers: the Role of R&D, Human Capital and Public Infrastructure", Journal of Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(2), 187-199.

    6. Cainelli, G. and Massimiliano Mazzanti, R.Z; 2011, "Environmentally-oriented innovative strategies and firm performances in services: micro evidence from Italy", International Review of Applied Economics, 25(1), 61-85.

    7. Campolieti, M., Fang, T. and Gunderson, M; 2005, "Minimum wage impacts on youth employment transition 1993-1999", Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(1), 81-104.

    8. Chaturvedi, V., Kumar, B. and Dholakia, R. H; 2008, "Inter-relationship between economic growth, saving and inflation in Asia", Indian Institute of Management, Working Paper No. 2008-07-01.

    9. Chen, T-J. and Ku, Y-H; 2003, "The effect of overseas investment on domestic employment", NBER, Working Paper 10156.

    10. Coe, D. T. and Helpman, E; 1995, "International R&D Spillovers", European Economic Review, 39(5), 859-887.

    11. Coe, D. T., Helpman, E. and Hoffmaister, A. W; 1997, "North-South R&D Spillovers", Economic Journal, 107(440), 134-149.

    12. Coe, D. T., Helpman, E. and Hoffmaister, A. W; 2009, "International R&D spiovers and institutions", European Economic Review, 53(7), 723-741.

    13. Crepon, B., Duguet, E. and Nairesse, J; 1998, "Research, Innovation, and Productivity: an Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level", NBER, Working Paper No. w6696.

    14. Dellas, H; 2000, "Industrial employment, investment equipment and economic growth", CEPR, Discussion Papers 2523.

    15. Edquist, C., Hommen, L. and McKelvey, M; 2001, "Innovation and employment: product versus process innovation", Cheltenham, Elgar.

    16. Evangelista, R. and Savona, M; 2002, "The impact of innovation onemployment in services: evidence from Italy", International Review of Applied Economics, 16(3), 309-318.

    17. Fajnzylber, P., Fernandes, A.M; 2009, "International Economic activitirs and skilled labour demand: evidence from Brazil and China", Applied Economics, 41(5), 563-577.

    18. Falk, M., Wolfmayer, Y; 2005, "The impact of international outsourcing on employment: empirical evidence from EU countries", 2nd Euroframe Conference on Economic Policy Issues in the European Union, June 3, Vienna.

    19. Fountas, S. and Karanaso, M; 2002, "Inflation, output growth, and nominal and real uncertainly: empirical evidence for the G7", Departement of Economics of National University of Irland, Working Paper No. 64.

    20. Freeman, C. and Soete, M; 1994, "Work for all or mass unemployment?", London, Pinter.

    21. Garcia, A., Jaumandreu, J. and Rodriguez, C; 2004, "Innovation and jobs: evidence from manufacturing firm", MPRA, Paper No.1204.

    22. Gindling, T.H. and Terrell, K; 2009, "Minimum wages, wages and employment in various sectors in Honduras", Journal of Labour Economics, 16(3), 291-303.

    23. Greene, W.H; 2005, Econometric ananlysis,(fifth edition), Macmillan Publishing Company, New York University.

    24. Goldar, B; 2009, "Impact of trade on employment generation in manufacturing in India", Institute of Economic Growth of University of Delhi Enclave, Working Paper Series No. E/297/2009.

    25. Golejewska, A; 2002, "Foreign direct investment and its employment effects in Polish manufacturing during transition", Faculty of Economics of Economic of European Integration Department, Working Paper No. 0204.

    26. Gylfason, T., and Herbertson, T.T; 2001, "Does inflation matter for growth?" Japan and the World Economy, 13(4), 478-500.

    27. Hall, B.H., Lotti, F. and Mairesse, J; 2006, "Employment, innovation and productivity: evidence from Italian microdata", The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Working Paper 24/2006.

    28. Harrison, R., Jaumandreu, J., Mairesse, J. and Peters, B; 2005, "Does innovation stimulate employment? A firm-level analysis using comparable micro data from four European countries", MPRA, Working Paper No. 1245.

    29. Horbach, J; 2008, "The impact of innovation activities on employment in the environmental sector. IAB", Discussion Paper No. 16/2008.

    30. Horbach, J; 2010, "The impact of innovation activities on employment in the environmental sector: empirical result for Germany at the firm level", Journal of Economics and Statistics, 230(4), 403-419.

    31. Klette, T.J. and Forre, S.E; 1998, "Innovation and job creation in a small open economy: evidence from Norwegian manufacturing plants 1982-92", Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 5, 247- 272.

    32. Lachenmaier, S. and Rottmann, H; 2006, "Employment effects of innovation at the firm level". IFO, Working Paper No. 27.

    33. Lachenmaier, S. and Rottmann, H; 2011, "Effect of innovation on employment: a dynamic panel analysis", International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29(2), 210-220.

    34. Lederman, D; 2007, "Product Innovation by Incumbent Firms in Developing Economies: the Roles of Research and Development Expenditures, Trade policy and the Investment Climate", World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No. 4319.

    35. Maskus, K. E. and Oh, K-Y; 2009, "Effects of Patents on Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing: A Panel Data Analysis", Journal of Pacific Economic Review, 14(2), 137-154.

    36. Masso, J., Varblane, U. and Vahter, P; 2007, "The impact of outward FDI on home-country employment in a low-cost transition economy", William Davidson Institute, Working Paper No. 873.

    37. Mastrastefani, V. and Pianta, M; 2005, "Innovation dynamics and employment effects", ISAE-CEIS Monitoring Italy Conference, Rome, June 7, pp: 3-15.

    38. Merikull, J; 2008, "The impact of innovation on employment: firm and industry level evidence from Estonia. Bank of Estonia", Working Paper No. 2008-01.

    39. Meschi, E., Taymaz, E., and Vivarelli, M; 2010, "Trade, technology and skills: evidence from Turkish microdata", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE), Number Dises1062.

    40. Nunnenkamp, P., Bremont, J. E. A. and Waldkirch, A; 2007, "FDI in Mexico: an empirical assessment of employment effects", Kiel Institute, Working Paper No. 1328.

    41. O’Mahony, M., Robinson, C. and Vecchi, M; 2008, "The impact of ICT on the demand for skilled labor: a cross-country comparison", Journal of Labour Economics, 15(6), 1435-1450.

    42. Paunov, C; 2011, "Imports, innovation and employment after crisis: evidence from a developing country", OECD Science, Technology and Industry, Working papers 2011/05.

    43. Peters, B; 2005, "Employment effects of different innovation activities: microeconometrics evidence", ZEW, Discussion Paper No.04-73.

    44. Vivarelli, M; 2007, "Innovation and employment: a survey", IZA, Discussion Paper No. 2621.

    45. Vivarelli, M. and Pianta, M; 2000, "The employment effect of innovation: evidence and policy", London, Routledge.

    46. Viscusi, W. K. and Moore, M.J; 1993, "Product Liability, Research and Development and Innovation", Journal of Political Economy, 101(1), 161-184.

    47. World Bank, 2011, www.data.worldbank.org.

CAPTCHA Image